Lesson 33

33.1. The Reduplication (अभ्यास m.)

• The third present class
• (as well as some verbs of other present classes),
• the perfect,
• the reduplicated aorist,
• the frequentative and
• the desiderative

are formed by means of reduplication. The part of a reduplicated form that is placed before the root is called the reduplicating syllable.

The reduplicating syllable consists of (a consonant and) a vowel.

33.1.1. The Reduplicating Consonant

1. Usually:
Repetition of the first consonant of the root

Examples:

दा 3 "to give"

• 3.sg.P.Ind.Präs. ददाति पॄ 3 "to fill"
• 3.sg.P.Ind.Präs. पिपर्ति मा 3Ā "to measure"
• 3.sg.Ā.Ind.Präs. मिमीते

2. An aspirated initial consonant of a root is reduplicated by the corresponding unaspirated consonant.

Examples:

धा 3 "to place"

• 3.sg.P.Ind.Präs. दधाति भी 3 "to fear"
• 3.sg.P.Ind.Präs. बिभेति

3. A guttural is reduplicated by the corresponding unaspirated palatal:

क्, ख् by च् ग्, घ् by ज्

ह् is always reduplicated by ज्.
Examples:

हु 3 "(to pour) into the fire (for sacrifice)"

• 3.sg.P.Ind.Präs. जुहोति

4. If a root begins with several consonants, only the first one (possibly applying rule 2 or 3) is repeated.

5. If a root begins with a consonant cluster of sibilant + voiceless consonant, then not the sibilant but the following voiceless consonant is reduplicated according to the above rules.

Example:

स्था 1 "to stand"

• 3.sg.P.Ind.Präs. तिष्ठति

33.2. The third present class (जुहोत्यादि = "जुहोति etc.")

Formation:

strong stem:
reduplicated full-grade root + ending

weak stem:
reduplicated zero-grade root + ending

The rules given above apply to the reduplication consonant.

33.2.1. The reduplication vowel of the 3rd present class

• The regular reduplication vowel is -i-
• roots containing u reduplicate with -u-
• the roots दा, धा, हा with -a-

Examples:

हु 3P "to pour into the fire (as an offering)"

• strong stem: जुहो
• weak stem: जुहु

	3. sg. P.	3. pl. P.	3. sg. Ā.	3. pl. Ā.
Indicative Present	जुहोति	जुह्वति:brjuhu + ati	जुहुते	जुह्वते:brjuhu + ate
Imperfect	अजुहोत्:bra-juho-t	जुहवुर्:bra-juho + ur	अजुहुत	अजुह्वत:bra-juhu + ata
Optative	जुहुयात्:brjuhu-yā-t	जुहुयुर्:brjuhu-y-ur	जुह्वीत:brjuhu + ī-ta	जुह्वीरन्:brjuhu + ī-ran

33.3. On the ablaut of ā

ā kann

• on the one hand, it is the lengthened grade of one of the ablaut series with -a-
• on the other hand, it is the full grade in an ablaut series of the ā-group

The two most important ablaut series of the ā-group are:

A.

• Zero grade
• before consonant: -i-
  e.g. धा PPP: हित (hi-ta)
• before vowel: Ø
  e.g. धा 3.pl.P.Ind.Präs. दधति (dadh-ati)
• Full grade: -ā-
  e.g. धा 3.sg.P.Ind.Präs. दधाति

This also applies, for example:

स्था 1

• PPP स्थित (sthi-ta)
• 3.sg.P.Fut. स्थास्यति (sthā-sya-ti)

B.

• Guna grade: -ī-
  e.g. पा 1: PPP पीत (pī-ta)
• Vriddhi grade: -ā-
  e.g. पा 1: Inf. पातुम्

33.4. Roots ending in -ā of the third conjugation class

Roots ending in -ā (except दा and धा) usually have an -ī- ending in the weak stem (see Thumb-Hauschild Vol. 1,1 p. 271. Presumably the ablaut series B mentioned above served as a model, although these roots otherwise follow ablaut series A), before vocalic endings the root vowel disappears completely (see Ablaut series A).

Examples:

मा 3Ā "to measure"

	3. sg. Ā.	3. pl. Ā.
Indicative Present	मिमीते:brmimī-te	मिमते:brmim-ate
Imperfect	अमिमीत	अमिमत
Optative	मिमीत:brmim-ī-ta !	मिमीरन्:brmim-ī-ran

हा 3P "to leave"

	3. sg. P.	3. pl. P.
Indicative Present	जहाति	जहति:brjah-ati
Imperfect	अजहात्	अजहुर्
Optative	जह्यात्:brjah-yā-t:br(The root हा has the same form before Optative -yā/y as it does before vowels!)	जह्युर्:brjah-y-ur

33.4.1. The roots दा and धा

The roots दा and धा reduplicate with the vowel -a- and lose the root vowel in the weak stem.

Note the aspiration dissimilation rule for धा!

धा 3U "to set, to fix, to allot"

	3. sg. P.	3. pl. P.	3. sg. Ā.	3. pl. Ā.
Indicative Present	दधाति	दधति:brdadh-ati	धत्ते:brdadh-te:br(Explanation: Thumb-Hauschild 1,1 p. 302f.)	दधते:brdadh-ate
Imperfect	अदधात्	अदधुर्	अधत्त:bra + dadh + ta	अदधत
Optative	दध्यात्:brdadh-yā-t	दध्युर्	दधीत:brdadh-ī-ta	दधीरन्

The forms of दा are obtained by replacing dh with d in the paradigm of धा. Thus:

दा 3U "to give"

	3. sg. P.	3. pl. P.	3. sg. Ā.	3. pl. Ā.
Indicative Present	ददाति	ददति	दत्ते	ददते
Imperfect	अददात्	अददुर्	अदत्त	अददत
Optative	दद्यात्	दद्युर्	ददीत	ददीरन्

33.5. The Present Participle Parasmaipada of the Roots of the 3rd Conjugation Class

The verbs of the 3rd class form all forms of the Present Participle Parasmaipada from the weak stem.

Exception: Nominative/Accusative Plural Neuter can optionally be formed from the strong or weak stem.

दा Present Participle Parasmaipada:

	Masculine:brपुंल्लिङ्ग	Neuter:brनपुंसकलिङ्ग	Feminine:brस्त्रीलिङ्ग
Singular
1. Nominative	ददत्:brdad-at + s	ददत्:brdad-at-Ø	ददती
2. Accusative	ददतम्:brdad-at-am	ददत्
Plural
1. Nominative	ददतस्	ददति:brdad-at-i:brददन्ति:brdad-ant-i
2. Accusative	ददतस्	ददति ददन्ति

Similarly जुह्वत् (juhu-at + s)

33.6. Word List

दा 3U ददाति: to give

Fut. दास्यति
Pass. दीयते
Caus. दापयति
PPP दत्त
Inf. दातुम्

from this:

दान n.: giving, gift, generosity

Fig.: दानम्
(Image source: Details)

दा + आ 3Ā अदत्ते: to receive, take possession of, take along

Absol. आदाय: with Acc.: in the company of, with

Fig.: सा पुत्रमादाय भारं बिभ्रती गच्छति
(Image source: Details)

धा 3U दधाति: to set, establish, allot

Fut. धास्यति
Pass. धीयते
Caus. धापयति
PPP हित (!!)
Inf. धातुम्

धा + सम् + आ 3U समादधाति: to direct one's full attention to something, to concentrate

from this:

समाधि m.: inner concentration, highest attention

Fig.: समाधि
(Image source: Details)

पॄ 3P पिपर्ति: to fill, to fulfill

Note:
3.pl.P पिपुरति
3.sg.Impf.P अपिपर् (from: *apipart)
3.pl.Impf.P अपिपरुर्
3.sg.Opt.P पिपूर्यात्

Fut. परिष्यति / परीष्यति
Pass. पूर्यते
Caus. पूरयति / पारयति
PPP पूर्ण / पूर्त / पूरित

पॄ + सम् only Pass. सम्पूर्यते and Caus.: to fill completely

भी 3P बिभेति: to fear (Abl., Gen.)

Fut. भेष्यति
Pass. भीयते
Caus. भाययति
PPP भीत
Inf. भेतुम्

from this:

भय n.: fear, dread; danger (the subjective and the objective aspect)

Fig.: भयम्
(Image source: Details)

भृ 3U बिभर्ति: to carry, to bring; to sustain, to nourish

Fut. भरिष्यति
Pass. भ्रियते
Caus. भारयति
PPP भृत
Inf. भर्तुम्

from this:

भार m.: burden

मा 3Ā मिमीते: to measure

Fut. मास्यति / मास्यते
Pass. मीयते
Caus. मापयति
PPP मित
Inf. मातुम्

मा + उप 3Ā उपमिमीते: to compare

from this:

उपमा f.: comparison

प्रतिमा f.: image, likeness

हा 3P जहाति: to leave

Fut. हास्यति
Pass. हीयते
Caus. हापयति
PPP हीन: left by, lacking, defective
Inf. हातुम्
from PPP हीन:

हीनयान n.: the defective vehicle (of Buddhism): derogatory term used by representatives of the "Great Vehicle", namely महायान; the defective path (यान to या 2: to go, to travel). The term हीनयान should no longer be used. The form of the old Buddhism that still exists today is called थेरवाद.

Fig.: हीनयानमेव
(Image source: Details)

हु 3P जुहोति: to pour into fire (as an offering, esp. melted butter)

Fut. होष्यति
Pass. हूयते
Caus. हावयति
PPP हुत
Inf. होतुम्

Fig.: घृतमग्नौ जुहोति
(Image source: Details)

घृत n.: clarified butter, ghee (घी / گھی / ঘী)

"Ghee is made by simmering unsalted butter in a large pot until all water has boiled off and protein has settled to the bottom. The cooked and clarified butter is then spooned off to avoid disturbing the milk solids on the bottom of the pan. Unlike butter, ghee can be stored for extended periods without refrigeration, provided it is kept in an airtight container to prevent oxidation and remains moisture-free. Texture, colour, or taste of ghee depends on the source of the milk from which the butter was made. In India, ghee is usually made with water buffalo's milk as it tends to be whiter than cow's milk."

[Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee. -- Accessed on 2008-12-26]

33.7. Exercise

A) Insert the appropriate forms of the words in parentheses into the following sentence pattern:

रामस् ... (चतुर्थ्येकवचने बहुवचने च) ... अन्नं ददाति । (भिक्षु । अग्नि । शूद्रा । गुनवान्पुत्र । देवान्स्तुवन्कवि । ब्राह्मणी । महान्साधु । धेनु)

B) Insert the appropriate forms of the verbs given in parentheses in the Indicative Present, Imperfect, and Optative:

ब्राह्मणो घृतमग्नौ ... (हु) ॥१॥ बुद्धगता भयान्न ... (भी) ॥२॥ सुगतः कुलम् ... (हा) ॥३॥ दुर्जना भिक्षुभ्यो ऽन्नं न ... (दा) ॥४॥ साधुः कृष्णे मतिम् ... (धा + सम् + आ) ॥५॥

ईश्वरो लोकान् ... जनास्तु न ... (मा) ॥६॥ दासा भारान् ... (भृ) ॥७॥ ब्राह्मणी पात्रं जलेन ... (पॄ) ॥८॥

C) Translate and convert singular sentences into plural sentences and vice versa:

योगयुक्तो मतिं दुःखमक्षनयन्त्यां प्रज्ञायां समाधत्ते ॥१॥ यो भिक्षवे दानानि दद्यात्सो ऽपि दानपुण्यमाददीत ॥२॥ ब्राह्मणा भारं न बिभ्रतीति ब्राह्मणदासो भारं गृहमबिभः ॥३॥

Fig.: पुरुषा भारं न बिभ्रतीति स्त्री भारं गृहमबिभः
(Image source: Details)

क्षत्रियशूरः पुत्रमादाय योद्धुं कुलमजहात् । स युद्धे शत्रुहतत्वाच्छरीरं हित्वा पुनर्भवमैत् ॥४॥ देवदत्तमपि सुखं दुःखमोक्षेष्टिं न पिपर्ति । सेष्टिः प्रज्ञयैव सम्पूर्यते ॥५॥ यः साधुर्भूतेभ्यो ऽभयं ददाति तस्माद्भूतानि न बिभ्यति स च तेभ्यो न बिभेति ॥६॥ मितमतयो नरकभयात्स्वर्गलोभाच्च पुण्यं कुर्वन्ति पापं च जहति । अमितप्रज्ञाबुद्धा हि नरकेभ्यो न बिभीयुः स्वर्गांश्च न लुभ्येयुः । ते भयं च लोभं चारुन्धन् ॥७॥